{"id":55449,"date":"2023-04-06T10:28:12","date_gmt":"2023-04-06T17:28:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/eltecolote.org\/content\/?p=55449"},"modified":"2023-04-06T10:28:16","modified_gmt":"2023-04-06T17:28:16","slug":"its-cultural-genocide-native-americans-shine-a-light-on-the-epidemic-of-disenrollment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/eltecolote.org\/content\/en\/its-cultural-genocide-native-americans-shine-a-light-on-the-epidemic-of-disenrollment\/","title":{"rendered":"\u2018It\u2019s cultural genocide\u2019: Native Americans shine a light on the epidemic of disenrollment<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

For unenrolled or disenrolled Native Americans, the most basic of needs can be an endless, pointless journey through tribal bureaucracy\u00a0<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Kadin Mills, a first descendant of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, resources offered through his family\u2019s tribe will always be just out of arm\u2019s reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He will never be able to call himself a citizen of Keweenaw Bay \u2014 and with that comes limits on the sort of benefits, such as health, that he is able to receive. In desperate cases \u2014 like when Mills needs a prescription that would simply be too expensive at non-tribal pharmacies \u2014 he must depend on good timing, luck, and the generosity of his enrolled family members.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIf my mom has the same prescription, she gives them to me and refills hers,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mills is just one of many Native American young adults and youths who are unable to enroll with their tribe, even when one or more of their immediate family members \u2014 such as a parent or a grandparent \u2014 are enrolled. Most, if not all, federally-recognized tribes rely on blood quantum and lineage requirements to determine whether an individual is eligible for citizenship.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The term \u201cblood quantum\u201d is exactly what it sounds like. It refers to the amount of \u201cIndian blood\u201d a person has \u2014 for example, if someone\u2019s grandparent was fully Native, that person\u2019s blood quantum would only be a quarter Native.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to \u201cAmerican Indians without Tribes in the 21st Century,\u201d a journal article published in the National Library of Medicine, one-third of mixed-race American Indians and one-sixth of single-race American Indians did not respond to questions regarding tribal affiliation or enrollment in the 2000 United States census.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In many tribes, including the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, a minimum of one-fourth of Native American blood is required to enroll. These requirements ice out mixed-race Native Americans such as Mills, something that he said promises a decline in tribal membership and an uncertain future for traditional ways of life.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"
Kadin Mills, a first descendant of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community. Courtesy: Kadin Mills<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

\u201cI think it\u2019s cultural genocide,\u201d Mills said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

During the mid to late 1800s, the United States government began using the blood quantum measure in the hopes that \u201cintermarriage would \u201cdilute\u201d the amount of \u201cIndian blood\u201d in the population,\u201d according to an article by Maya Harmon published by the California Law Review at the UC Berkeley School of Law. The end goal was to breed out Native Americans and assimilate them into white society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Other tribes, such as the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians in southwestern Michigan, rely on a model of \u201clineal descendancy,\u201d where a person\u2019s citizenship is determined by their ancestry rather than blood quantum percentage.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Blood quantum, according to an article published by NPR, \u201cWhat Exactly is \u2018Blood Quantum\u2019?\u201d, refers to the amount of \u201cIndian Blood\u201d an individual possesses. The manner in which this is determined is through legal tribal documents issued by a tribal official or government official. The difference with lineal descendancy is when individuals acquire citizenship by proving they have ancestors previously part of indigenous groups.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

While uncommon, Mills pointed out that this model has significant potential to reshape tribal communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think that that\u2019s the future of our communities, at least in this area,\u201d he said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Native Americans who are enrolled with any of the 574 federally-recognized tribes in the United States have access to benefits such as free or low-cost healthcare, subsidized housing and universal basic income, which grants citizens consistent payment to support during any socioeconomic struggle. In most tribes, no such benefits are offered to lineal descendants, even when a child\u2019s parent is an enrolled citizen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Mills, whose mother is an enrolled member of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, access to healthcare services has been a rocky journey, riddled with countless obstacles, financial barriers and disappointing dead-ends.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After his dad became unemployed and lost their health insurance over a year ago, Mills sheepishly explained that he hadn\u2019t been to the dentist in over a year despite needing prescription toothpaste.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even the primary care he once received as a student at Northwestern University was no longer accessible.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

He believes that if Keweenaw Bay followed a citizenship model similar to the Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians, the quality of life for tribal members and their families would be much better.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI think that it really hurts our ability to offer programs and services to people who are subject to ongoing cultural genocide that is blood quantum,\u201d Mills said. \u201cYou keep them from actually accessing that culture and being able to be active participants in their communities.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Even enrolled tribal members aren\u2019t necessarily in the clear when it comes to citizenship. Such is the case with Summer Paa\u2019ila-Herrera Jones, whose family was disenrolled from the Pechanga Band of Luise\u00f1o Indians in 2004.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

At the time, Jones was only six years old; she said she still struggles to fully understand what led to the situation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI feel like I don\u2019t have a whole grasp of the whole picture of what happened to our family or why,\u201d Jones said. \u201cThat\u2019s a really hard thing to grow up in. I knew the term disenrollment. But what does that mean to a six-year-old?\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jones said that she believes that around 210 tribal members \u2014 about 25 percent of Pechanga\u2019s membership \u2014 were disenrolled. She was one of 76 children who were impacted by the disenrollment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the name of sovereignty, it happened,\u201d she said.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Disenrollment, while uncommon, is a serious matter, as enrollment status holds power, security and privilege that an individual might not otherwise have. In the case of the Nooksack Tribe of Washington state, over 306 tribal citizens were disenrolled in 2018; 63 of these disenrolled citizens were evicted from federally-subsidized housing on tribal land.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Jones\u2019 case, her family was outcast socially by enrolled members of the tribe, who she said treated them poorly and discriminated against them due to their enrollment status.
\u201c[This woman] had confronted my mom at the clinic and basically said, \u2018you\u2019re not welcome here. You\u2019re not allowed to come here with your kids. You don\u2019t get services here,\u201d Jones recalled. \u201cShe [had known] me since I was born.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

After this encounter, Jones\u2019 parents began taking her and her siblings to a health clinic on the Rincon Indian Reservation in San Diego, a 45-minute drive from the Pechanga reservation where Jones\u2019 family lived. As an adult, Jones said that she still experiences significant anxiety and stress around making appointments for her health, even when it comes to primary care.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cTo have [the disenrollment] at the forefront, when I\u2019m literally just trying to get a teeth whitening appointment, it can be a struggle,\u201d she said, chuckling.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI feel like it\u2019s still like really, I don\u2019t know, kind of taboo or strange to talk about,\u201d Jones said. \u201cI do feel like my family has suffered this extra layer of trauma that is very much invisible to people in society, but also to people within the Native community.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

For unenrolled or disenrolled Native Americans, the most basic of needs can be an endless, pointless journey through tribal bureaucracy\u00a0 For Kadin Mills, a first descendant of the Keweenaw Bay Indian Community, resources offered through his family\u2019s tribe will always be just out of arm\u2019s reach. He will never be able to call himself a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":35,"featured_media":55451,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"newspack_popups_has_disabled_popups":false,"newspack_featured_image_position":"","newspack_post_subtitle":"Story by Cash Martinez","newspack_article_summary_title":"Overview:","newspack_article_summary":"","newspack_hide_updated_date":false,"newspack_show_updated_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3570,7],"tags":[23660,4025],"coauthors":[18445],"class_list":["post-55449","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-health-news","category-news","tag-disenrollment","tag-native-americans","entry"],"yoast_head":"\n\u2018It\u2019s cultural genocide\u2019: Native Americans shine a light on the epidemic of disenrollment - El Tecolote<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"For unenrolled or disenrolled Native Americans, the most basic of needs can be an endless, pointless journey through tribal bureaucracy\u00a0 For Kadin Mills,\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/eltecolote.org\/content\/en\/its-cultural-genocide-native-americans-shine-a-light-on-the-epidemic-of-disenrollment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"\u2018It\u2019s cultural genocide\u2019: Native Americans shine a light on the epidemic of disenrollment - 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